Born on 3 March 1945, in Cheam, Surrey
BA 1967, MA 1971, Brasenose College, Oxford
Called to the Bar: Lincoln's Inn, 1969
Private practice as Barrister, 1969-98
Queen's Counsel, 1988
Assistant Recorder, 1989-93
Recorder of the Crown Court, 1993-98
Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1993
Member of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1993-99
Justice of the High Court, 1998
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section 1998-2000, 2001-2004, re-elected 2004-2011
Vice-President of the Court from 19 January 2007 to 3 November 2011
President of the Court since 4 November 2011.

Born on 12 September 1942 in Brussels
Doctor of Law, 1965
Special diploma in criminology, 1965
Higher education teaching certificate (Agrégation), 1976
Advocate, Brussels Bar, 1965-68
Researcher FNRS (Fonds national de la recherche scientifique)1968-76
Professor at the University of Louvain and Visiting Professor at the Universities of Geneva, Ottawa, Paris I and Rennes, 1976-98
Chairwoman of the Scientific Committee of the European Law-making Research Group, 1993-98 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris)
Editor-in-chief of the Revue internationale de droit pénal, 1994-98
Administrator (1994-98) and President (1996-98) of the Ligue des droits de l’homme (French-speaking Community of Belgium)
Expert for the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture, 1996-97
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section since 19 January 2007
Vice-President of the Court since 1 February 2011.

Born 10 September 1946 in Gerona
Law degree, Madrid, 1978
Secretary General of the Municipality of Andorra la Vella, 1970-80
Lawyer practising in Andorra, 1980
Secretary General of the Andorra Bar Association, 1984-92
President of the Bar Association, 1993-95
Professor at the Faculty of Law of the Spanish National Open University, 1985-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights, 1996-1998
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section since 1 February 2008
Vice-President of the Court since 4 November 2011.

Born on 22 February 1948 in Zagreb
Law studies, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, 1966-71
Diploma Programme in International Law, the Graduate Institute of International Studies (IUHEI),
University of Geneva, 1978-80
Doctor of Law, 1984
Instructor, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, 1971-78
Assistant, 1978-85 and Assistant Professor, 1985-91
Associate Professor, 1991-96
Professor of public international law, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, since 1996
Director of the Institute of Public and Private International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, 1991-94
Alternate Arbitrator to the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration in the Framework of the OSCE, 1994-
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section since 1 February 2011.

Born on 26 October 1962 in Luxembourg
Bachelor’s law degree, Catholic University of Louvain, 1988
Master of Laws, Cambridge University, 1990
Member of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge since 1989
Barrister, member of the Luxembourg Bar, 1989-2004
Senior Barrister, 1992-2004
Partner in a law firm in Luxembourg, 2001-2004
Assistant lecturer in criminal law at Louvain University, 1991-1997
Lecturer and holder of various courses at the Universities of Luxembourg, 1996-2004 and Nancy, 1997-2008
Member of the Advisory Human Rights Commission, Luxembourg, 2000-2004
Member of the European Union Network of Independent Experts in Fundamental Rights, 2002-2004
Member of the Institut Grand-Ducal, associate 2002-2005, full member since 2005
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 24 June 2004
President of Section since 1 February 2011.

Born on 23 August 1946 in Warsaw
Doctorate at the University of Warsaw, Faculty of Law and Administration, 1973
Assistant Professor, 1968, Associate Professor, 1980, Professor of Law, 1987
Director, Institute of State and Law Sciences, Faculty of Law, 1981-87
Advocate (Warsaw Bar), 1980-93
Member of the Legislative Council, Prime Minister's Office, 1987-92 and 2001-02
Judge of the Constitutional Court of Poland, 1993-01
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 26 June 2002
President of Section since 4 November 2011.

Born on 16 December 1943 in Munteni di Jos, Vaslui
First Degree in Law, University of Bucharest, 1966
Professor at the Faculty of Law, Bucharest, 1967
Diploma of Advanced Studies in Comparative Law, International Faculty for Comarative
Law Studies, Strasbourg, 1974
Doctorate of Law, University of Bucarest, 1977
Lawyer at the Bucharest Bar since 1990-98
Dean of the Faculty of Law of Bucharest University, 1990-98
Member of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1995-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998.

Born on 20 May 1944 in Copenhagen
Master of laws (juridisk embedseksamen) University of Aarhus, 1969
Assistant Professor of public law at the University of Aarhus, 1969-70 and of constitutional law at the University of Copenhagen, 1970-74
Legal Adviser, Ministry of Justice, 1970-78
Head of Department at the Parliamentary Ombudsman’s Office, 1978-82
Judge of the Court of Appeal of Western Denmark, 1982-92
President of the Court of Appeal of Western Denmark, 1992-94
Justice of the Supreme Court of Denmark, since 1994
Representative of Denmark in the Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Development of Human Rights, 1983-92, and Chairman 1991-92
Member of the European Commission of Human Rights 1995-99
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section from 1 April 2006 to 31 January 2011.

Born 1 November 1944 in Vlkovec
Degree: Doctorate in Law, Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague, 1969
Trainee barrister, 1969-71
Barrister, 1974-89
Head of Secretariat, Czechoslovak Federal Assembly, 1990-92
Judge, Supreme Court of the Czech Republic
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights, 1993-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since November 1998.

Born on 13 May 1947 in Ljubljana
Dipl. Jur. Degree, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, 1970
University of Montreal, School of Criminology, 1971-72
Master of Law (LL.M.), Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974
Scientiae Juris Doctor (S.J.D.), Harvard Law School, 1981
Assistant Professor of Law, University of Ljubljana (1970-76) and New York Law School (1977-79)
Associate Professor, University of Iowa, Law School, 1980 and Fordham University, Law School, 1981
Distinguished Visiting Professor, 1981 and full Professor of Law, Seton Hall University, Law School, 1986
Full Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, since 1988
First Vice-President (for academic affairs), University of Ljubljana, 1989-92
Judge at the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, 1993-98
Member and Vice-Chair of the United Nations Committee against Torture (Geneva), 1995-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section from 1 November 2004 to 31 January 2008.

Born on 26 August 1948 in Sari-Khassar, Tadjikistan (USRR)
Diploma of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, 1971
Post-graduated studies, Institute of Comparative Political Studies of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, 1973-77
Doctor of Law, 1991
Professor of Law, Moscow Academic University, 1985-99
Research Director of the Centre of Comparative Law, Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1980-99
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 21 September 1999.

Born on 21 March 1956 in Vienna
Doctor in law (1981) and Doctor in business administration (1985)
Member of the Bar; 1987
Private legal practice in Vienna since 1988
Member of the expert committee on labour law of the Vienna Chamber of Attorneys and of various international lawyers’ associations
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2001.

Born on 28 March 1954 in Stockholm
Juris kandidat, LLM, University of Stockholm, 1979
Judge on the District Court of Sollentuna, 1979-82
Lecturer at the Faculties of Law, Stockholm and Uppsala, the Stockholm School of Economics, Centre regional de formation professionnel des Barreaux de la cour d’Appel, Paris and the Swedish Institute for Legal Development since 1979
Member of the Swedish Bar Association, 1985-2003; Vice-President, 1996-99; President, 1999-2001
Associate member of a Swedish law firm, 1982-2003; partner 1988-2003
Head of the Swedish delegation to the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Union, 1998-2003
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 April 2003.

Born on 20 January 1956, Azerbaijan
Law studies, Yerevan State University, 1972-79
Advocate, Member of the Bar, 1979-85
Judge of the Supreme Court, 1985-96
Judge of the Constitutional Court, 1996-2003
Member of the State Commission on Judicial Reform, 1997-99
Member of the Commission on Constitutional Amendments, 1998-2001
President of the Association of Judges, 1998-2003
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 April 2003.

Born on 9 September 1956, Azerbaïjan
Law studies at the State University of Baku, 1973-78
Post-graduate course, State University of Moscow, 1978-83
Judge and Vice-President of the Supreme Court of Azerbaijan, 1990-1992
President of the Supreme Court, Azerbaijan, 1993-1998
Doctor of Law, 2001
President of the Constitutional Court, Azerbaijan, 1998-2003
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 April 2003.

Born on 31 July 1947 in Arnhem
Master in Law, University of Utrecht, 1966-72
Assistant professor Criminal Law, University of Leiden, 1972-79
(Founding) editor Netherlands Human Rights Law Review (NJCM-bulletin), 1976-2004
Vice-dean Netherlands Training Institute for the Judiciary/Trainee judge at the District Court of Zutphen, 1979-81
Judge of the District Court of Zutphen, 1981-86
Vice-President of the District Court of Zutphen, 1986-91
Advocate-General of the Court of Appeal, La Haye, 1991-95
Deputy Prosecutor-general/Chief Advocate General at the Court of Appeal, Amsterdam, 1996-2004
Professor of Human Rights, Free University of Amsterdam, 2000
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 9 April 1956 in Reykjavik
Law studies at the University of Iceland and Duke University, North Carolina, United States
Assistant Judge at the Civil Court of Reykjavik, 1987-88
Associate Professor of Law, University of Iceland, 1989-93
Référendaire at the EFTA Court, Geneva and Luxembourg, 1993-96 and 1999-2003
Professor of Law, University of Iceland 1996-2003
Professor of Constitutional Law and International Public Law, University of Reykjavik, 2003-04
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 10 November 1970 at Akmene
Law studies at the University of Vilnius, 1989-94
Doctor of Law, University of Vilnius, 1999
Lecturer and associate Professor, Vilnius, 1994-2004
Expert at the European Law Department, 1997-2002
Vice-Dean of the Law Faculty of Vilnius University, 2003
Agent of the Government before the European Court of Human Rights, 2003-2004
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 25 October 1960 in Bratislava
Law Studies at the University of Comenius, 1979-84
Elected Judge by the Slovakian Parliament, 1985
Judge of the First Instance Court, 1986-89
Judge of the Appeal Court of Bratislava, 1990-94
Legal Officer in the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1994-2004
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 25 July 1951 in Zemun
Law Studies at the University of Belgrade, 1970-74
Master of Laws at the University of Belgrade, 1974-76
Lawyer in two commercial enterprises, 1976-80
Doctor of Law, University of Belgrade, 1984
Third cycle degree in Comparative Law at the International Faculty of Comparative Law, Brussels, 1985
Lecturer (Professor, 1995) of Legal and Constitutional History and Comparative Law,
Belgrade University, 1980-98
Attorney at Law in a legal office, Belgrade, 1998-2000
Visiting Professor at the Institute of Federalism of the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 2001
Ambassador of Serbia and Montenegro to Switzerland, 2001-04
Professor of Constitutional Law and Comparative Law at the Business Law School of Belgrade 2004-05
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 26 January 2005.

Born on 12 February 1970 in Latvia
Law studies, Faculty of Law, University of Latvia, 1988-93
Master of International Law, Raoul Wallenberg Institute and University of Lund, Sweden 1993-94
Doctor of Law, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995-99
Adviser to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Parliament of Latvia, 1992-95
Adviser to the Prime Minister of Latvia, 1995
Founding Director of the Institute on Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Latvia, 1995-99
Lecturer in International and European Law, University of Latvia, 1995-99
Programme Adviser, Directorate General of Human Rights, Council of Europe, 1999-2001
Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Baltic Yearbook of International Law, 2001-05
Söderberg Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Riga Graduate School of Law, Latvia
and visiting Professor at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Faculty of Law, Lund University, Sweden, 2001-05
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 27 April 2005.

Born on 17 May 1950 in Louis Trichardt, South Africa
Law degree, University of Zurich, 1976
Doctor of Law, University of Zurich, 1978
Assistant at the University of Zurich, 1978-1981
Bye-Fellow, Robinson College/University of Cambridge, 1981-1983
Assistant Professor (Privatdozent), 1985 and Professor of Law, 1992 at the University of Zurich
Legal Administrator in the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1983-1991
Head of Division in the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1991-1998
Head of Division in the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 1998-2002
Deputy Registrar of the 3rd Section of the European Court of Human Rights, 2002-2006
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 September 2006.

Born on 24 October 1965 in Monaco Law Studies at the University of Nice, 1984-1987
Justice Auditor in the Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature, Paris, 1987-1989
Judge at the Court of First Instance of the Principality of Monaco, 1990
First Judge at the Court of First Instance of the Principality of Monaco, 2000
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE)
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 27 June 2006.

Born on 10 December 1954 in Rovaniemi, Finland
Master of Laws, University of Helsinki, 1980
Licentiate of Laws, University of Helsinki, 1997
Doctor of Law, University of Helsinki, 2007
Court training, District Court of Lapland, 1980-1981
Career as Referendary, Judge and Prosecutor in the Finnish judicial system, 1982-2006
Legal Aid Counsel, 1981-1982
Researcher, University of Helsinki, 1996-1997
Lawyer, Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 2001
Member of several working groups set up by various Ministries and other State services, 1999-2006
Lecturer in the field of criminal procedure
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2007.

Born on 16 September 1945 in Larnaca, Cyprus
Law studies in London, 1965-1968
Barrister-at-Law, member of Lincoln’s Inn of London, 1968
Advocate before Courts in Cyprus, 1973-1978
Member of a Ministry of Justice Committee, 1976-1980
Senior District Judge, 1988-1989
President District Court, 1989-1995
Judge of the Supreme Court of Cyprus, 1995-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 15 November 1947 in Leon, Spain
B.A. in Law, University of Madrid, 1969
Master in Political Science, Michigan State University, 1975
Doctor of Law, University of Madrid, 1975
Assistant Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Madrid, 1975-1978
Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Extremadura (Cáceres), 1978-1995
Clerk at the Constitutional Court of Spain, 1982-1986
Judge of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 1986-1995
Alternative Representative and Legal Expert for the Venice Commission, 1995-2003
Professor of Constitutional Law, Universidad Carlos III (Madrid), 1995-2008
Vice-President of the General Council of the Judiciary, 1996-2001
Director of the Institute of Comparative Public Law, Universidad Carlos III, 2001-2003
Secretary of State for Justice, Ministry of Justice of Spain, 2004-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 25 March 1949 in Budapest, Hungary
Law degree at the ELTE Law School of Budapest, 1972
Various research fellow positions at the Institute for State and Law, Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1972
PhD and Habilitation at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1977 and 1982
Founder and spokesperson of the Hungarian League for the Abolition of the Death Penalty, Budapest, 1988-1994
Legal Counsellor to the President of Hungary, 1991-1992
Chair of Comparative Constitutional Law, University Professor, Central European University (Budapest), 1993-2007
Member, American Law Institute, 1996
Member, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1997
Recurrent Visiting Professor, Cardozo School of Law, New York, since 1990; Global Faculty, New York University Law School, since 1996
Board of Directors of the Open Society Justice Initiative of New York, 2001-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 5 November 1963 in Strumica
Law studies, Faculty of Laws, Ss Cyril and Methodius, University of Skopje, 1982-1986
Legal Representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Court proceedings, 1988
Member of working groups and Commissions set up by various Ministries and other State services, 1991-2003
Bar exam, Ministry of Justice, Skopje, 1992
Assistant Minister for Interior, heading the Department for administrative procedures, 1995-2001
Member of the Committee of experts on nationality at the Council of Europe, 1995-2004
Head of Department on Human Rights at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2001-2003
Member of the Steering Committee for Human Rights at the Council of Europe (CDDH), 2001-2003
President of State Election Commission, 2002-2003
Judge of the Constitutional Court, 2003-2008
Member of the Venice Commission, 2004-2008
Master of law (LL.M.), Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 22 February 1971 in Shkodër, Albania
Law degree, Faculty of Law at the University of Tirana, 1989-1993
Law studies, Faculty of Law at the University of Trento, Italy, 1992-1993
Legal practice in Tirana, 1994-1998 and 1999-2006
Lecturer in Law (Public International Law, European Human Rights Law and European Union Law) at the University of Tirana, 1995-2007 and at the Albanian School of Magistrates, 1997-2007
LL.M in European Law Studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, 1996-1997
Office of the OSCE Legal Counsellor in Albania, 1998-1999
Founder and Executive Director of the European Centre in Tirana, 1999-2006
Advisor ad personam to the President of the Republic, to the President of the Parliament and to Ministers of Justice and of European Affairs, 2000-2007
Chairman of the National Broadcasting Authority, 2006-2007
Member of the Venice Commission, 2006-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 13 April 1973 in Batumi, Georgia
MA in Law, Faculty of Law at the Tbilisi State University, 1990-1996
Assistant to Judge at the Constitutional Court, 1996-1999
Attorney, Tbilisi, 1999-2000
Teacher of Law, Tbilisi State University, 1999-2004
Legal Advisor, then Head of the Rule of Law Project, 2000-2004
Deputy Prosecutor General at the Prosecutor’s Office, 2004-2007
MA in Public Administration, University of Pennsylvania, USA, 2006-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 23 November 1962 in Dublin, Ireland
Master of Education (Philosophy), University of Dublin, Trinity College, 1984-1987
Teacher of English, 1986-1993
Lecturer in Philosophy, 1987-2003
Honorable Society of King’s Inns, 1989-1993
John Brooke Scholar, 1993
Barrister-at-Law, Legal Advocate before Superior Courts, practising in Constitutional, Medical and Public Law, 1993-2006
Lecturer in Jurisprudence at King’s Inns, 1998-2003
Senior Counsel, 2006-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 22 January 2008.

Born on 29 September 1951 in Sofia, Bulgaria
Master in Law, Faculty of Law of the University of Sofia, 1970-1975
Lawyer, member of the Sofia Bar Association, 1980
Founder, Board Member and Project Coordinator, Bulgarian Lawyers for Human Rights, since 1993
Teacher, researcher in the domain of legal protection of human rights, since 1993
Judicial Officer and Regional Coordinator, UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Judicial System Assessment Programme, 1999-2000
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 May 2008.

Born on 8 December 1958 in Istanbul, Turkey
B.A. in Political Science, Istanbul University, 1983
Research Assistant, Faculty of Political Sciences at the Istanbul University, 1984-1993
M.A. in Public Law, Istanbul University, 1986
M.A. in European Law, Centre européen universitaire at the Nancy II University, 1988
B.A. in Law, Marmara University, 1990
Member of the Istanbul Bar, 1991
PhD in Public Law, Istanbul University, 1992
Associate Professor, Faculty of Political Sciences at the Istanbul University, 1993-1999
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law at the Galatasaray University, 1999-2003
Director of the Research and Documentation Centre on Europe at the Galatasaray University, 2002-2008
Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law at the Galatasaray University, 2003-2008
Visiting Professor at the University of Aix-Marseille III, of Reims, of Montpellier II, of Strasbourg Robert Schuman
Vice-Dean, Faculty of Law at the Galatasaray University, 2004-2008
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 May 2008.

Born on 13 September 1962 in Corjova, Moldova
Bachelor’s degree in Law, Faculty of Law of the State University of Chişinău, 1983-1988
Trainee judge at the Râşcani Court of Chişinău, 1988-1989
Judge and Vice-President at the Buiucani Court of Chişinău, 1989-1995
Lecturer, Faculty of Law of the State University, 1989-2008
Judge and President of the Centru Court of Chişinău, 1995-1996
Judge and Vice-President of the Court of Appeal, 1996-2003
Expert attached to the United Nations Development Programme, 1998-2002
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges of the Council of Europe, since 2000
Judge in 2003 and Vice-President in 2005 of the Supreme Court of Justice, 2003-2008
Arbitrator at the OSCE International Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, since 2004
Member of the Judicial Service Commission, since 2005
Doctorate in law, Faculty of Law at the State University, Chişinău, 2006
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 May 2008.

Born on 17 October 1953 in Banski stanovi, Cetinje, Montenegro
Bachelor of Arts, Faculty of Law of Titograd (recently Podgorica), 1976
Reseach assistant, Assistant professor, Full time professor, Podgorica Law Faculty, 1976-2008
PhD in International Public Law and International Relations, Belgrade Law Faculty, Belgrade University, 1986
Member of various Expert Groups for International Legal and Political Issues, 1993-2008
Director of the University of Montenegro, Law Faculty Human Rights Center, 2000-2008
Serbia and Montenegro representative in Steering Committee for Human Rights, Council of Europe, 2004-2006
Member of Judicial Council of Montenegro, 2003-2007
Head of Department in International law and International Relations, University of Montenegro, 1994-2008
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 15 April 2008.

Born on 14 October 1973 in New-York, United States of America
Law Degree, University of Bologna, 1999
Training in law firm, 1999-2002
Member of the San Marino Bar, 2002
Member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, 2004-2009
Member of the Parliamentary Equal Opportunities Commission, 2009
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 23 June 2009.

Born on 22 October 1953 in Naples, Italy
Master’s degree in law, University of Naples, 1975
Assistant lecturer to the first chair of International Law in the Law Faculty of Naples, 1976-1977
Judge, 1977-1986
Seconded to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Legal Service, 1986-1989
Co-Agent for the Italian Government before the European Court and Commission of Human Rights, 1989-1997
Member of the Appeals Board of the Western European Union in London, 1991-1992
Member of various Council of Europe Steering Committees and Committees of Experts, in particular the Bureau of the Steering Committee for Human Rights, chaired 1999-2000
Advocate General at the Court of Cassation, 1997-2002
Member of the Italian Inter-ministerial Committee for Human Rights (1998-2003)
Full member of the Appeals Board of the Western European Union in Brussels, 1998-2000
Ad hoc judge of the European Court of Human Rights, 2001-2003
Judge of the Court of Cassation, 2002-2003
Deputy Legal Adviser to the International Labour Office (ILO) in Geneva, 2003-2007
Legal Adviser and Director of the Office of Legal Services of the ILO, 2008-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 5 May 2010.

Born on 5 July 1973 in Kyiv, Ukraine
Human Rights Expert in Kyiv, 1994-2005
Master’s degree in law, Faculty of Law of Kyiv National University, 2003
Member of the Ukrainian Bar, 2003
Legal adviser, lawyer in Kyiv, 2000-2005
Lawyer in the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 2005-2009
Master 2 in Law and European Studies, specialised in human Rights in Europe, Faculty of Law of Strasbourg, 2007
Doctor of Philosophy in law, Academy of Advocacy of Ukraine, 2008
Lecturer in human rights law, Centre for International Protection, Strasbourg, 2008-2010
Adviser to the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, 2009-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 15 June 2010.

Born on 17 August 1952 in Sliema, Malta
Diploma of Notary Public, Royal University of Malta, 1974
Doctor of Laws, Royal University of Malta, 1975
Member of the Malta Bar, 1976
Diploma in Criminology, University of Cambridge, 1977
Senior Counsel for the Republic in the Attorney-General’s Office, Malta, 1979
Member of the ad hoc Committee of Experts on the Legal Aspects of Territorial Asylum, Refugees and Stateless Persons of the Council of Europe, 1988-1994
Malta’s representative on the Steering Committee on Legal Co-operation of the Council of Europe as from 1988, Vice-Chairman then Chairman, 1988-2000
Assistant Attorney-General, 1988 then Deputy Attorney-General, 1989-1994
Senior Lecturer in Criminal Law and Law of Criminal Procedure, University of Malta, 1994
Judge of the Superior Courts of Malta, 1994
Chairman of the Multidisciplinary Group on Corruption of the Council of Europe, 1995-1997
Chief Justice and President of the Constitutional Court, of the Court of Appeal and of the Court of Criminal Appeal of Malta, 2002-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 20 September 2010.

Born on 1 June 1963 in Munich, Germany
Studies in Slavic languages and literature, 1982-1987; studies in law, University of Munich, 1984-1989
Magister Artium in Slavic languages and literature, University of Munich, 1987
Diploma in comparative law, University of Strasbourg, 1988
First and Second State exam in law, Universities of Munich and Heidelberg, 1989 and 1993
Doctor of Law, University of Würzburg, 1993
Research fellow at the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Social Law, Munich, 1993-2001
Visiting researcher Harvard University, 1994-1995
Legal advisor of the General Directorate Social Cohesion of the Council of Europe, 2001-2002
Full professor of law and Director of the Institute for Eastern European Law, University of Cologne, 2002-2010
Member of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labour Organisation, 2004-2010
Substitute Member of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, 2006-2010
Vice-President of the University of Cologne, 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2011.

Born on 25 July 1974 in Tartu, Estonia
Studies in law, University of Hamburg, Germany, 1994-1995
EU law expert, Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 1996-1999
Traineeship at the European Commission’s Legal Service, 1997
B.A. in law, University of Tartu, 1997
LL.M. in law, University of Münster, Germany, 1998
Lecturer in European law, Law Institute of Tallinn, later University of Tartu 1999-2006
Head of EU law Division, then EU Law and Foreign Relations Division, Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 1999-2002
Member of the board of the Centre for Policy Studies (PRAXIS), 2000-2004
Deputy Secretary General on Legislative Drafting, Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 2002-2004
Studies in law, European University Institute of Florence, Italy, 2002
Doctor iuris of law, University of Tartu, 2003
Justice at the Supreme Court of Estonia (member of administrative law and constitutional law chambers), 2004-2010
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) of the Council of Europe, since 2004, Vice-President then President, 2006-2010
Traineeship at Federal Administrative Court of Germany, 2005
Judge ad hoc at the European Court of Human Rights, 2006
Associated professor and consequently Professor of European law, University of Tartu, 2006-2011
Traineeship at the Council of State, France, 2007
Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, since 2010
President of Estonian Association for European Law since 2004, President of International Federation for European Law (FIDE), 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 January 2011.

Born on 5 October 1966 in Beira, Mozambique
Law Degree, Faculty of Law, State University of Lisbon, 1989
Member of the Portuguese Bar
Judge in the Criminal Court and the Correctional Court of Lisbon and President of the Courts of Nelas, Lagos and the Criminal Instruction Court of Lisbon, 1992-2004
Master of Law, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 1994
Doctorate of Law, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 2003
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 2004-2008
Member of the Ministry of Justice Taskforce for Penal Reform of the Portugal, 2005-2007
Invited Professor on criminal law and procedure at the High Military Studies Institute of the Ministry of Defence of Portugal, since 2007
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 2008-2010
Associate Professor with tenure, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, since 2011
Visiting Professor, Illinois College of Law, United States of America, 2006-2007
Visiting Professor, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, 2006
Adjunct Professor, Illinois College of Law, United States of America, since 2009
Expert of the GRECO appointed by the Council of Europe, 2009-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 April 2011.

Born on 9 May 1960 in Athens, Greece
Law degree, University of Athens, 1983
Masters degree in International Law, University Robert Schuman of Strasbourg, 1984
Doctor of Law, University Robert Schuman of Strasbourg, 1990
Lawyer before the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court and the Supreme Administrative Court (on leave)
Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Athens
Member (1997-2009) and Chairman (2003-2004) of the Committee of experts of the Council of Europe for the Improvement of Procedures for the Protection of Human Rights (DH-PR)
Member (2002-2009), Vice-Chairman (2004-2005) and Rapporteur (2008-2009) of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
Member since 2000, then Vice-Chairman of the Greek National Commission for Human Rights, 2006-2011
Member of the European Union Network of independent experts in the field of fundamental rights, 2002-2006
Member of the Management Board since 2007 and member of the Executive Board of the Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union, 2009-2011
Member of the Curatorium of the Hague Academy of International Law, since 2010
Member of the Scientific Board of the Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme and of the European Journal of International Law
Member of the Administrative Board of the European Society of International Law
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 18 May 2011.

Born on 9 October 1950 in Oslo, Norway
Law degree, University of Oslo, 1976
Counsellor since 1977, then Head of Division, Ministry of Justice, 1981-1986
Participated in the drafting process of Protocols No. 6 to No. 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1977-1994
Part-time lecturer in human rights, University of Oslo, 1981-2003
Chairman, Committee of Experts for the drafting of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984-1985
Deputy Judge, Eiker, Modum and Sigdal, 1985-1986
Agent of the Government before the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights, until 1993
Advocate, Attorney General’s Office (Civil Affairs) since 1986, Supreme Court Barrister, 1989-1993
Chairman, Steering Committee for Human Rights, Council of Europe, 1993-1994
Judge, Borgarting Court of Appeals, Oslo, 1993-1999
Fellow at the Human Rights Institute, University of Essex (UK), since 1995; honorary doctor, 2007
Member of the Board of the Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, 1995-1999
Judge (1999-2009), Vice-President (1999-2003), President (2003-2007), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Member of the UN Secretary-General’s Selection Panel for the appointment of judges of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, since 2007
Justice, Supreme Court of Norway, 2009-2011
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 September 2011.

Born on 1 June 1964 in Zurich, Switzerland
Doctorate in environmental law, University of Zurich, 1993
Master of European Law (LL.M.), College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, 1994
Research Fellow at Harvard University Law School, United States of America, 1995
Research Fellow at the European University Institute of Florence, Italy, 1996
Member of the American Society of International Law since 1996
Legal Counsel in a law firm in Switzerland, 1996-2011
Visiting researcher at the Max-Planck Institute for International Law of Heidelberg, Germany, 2000
Professor of International Law, Constitutional Law and European Law at the University of Lucerne, 2001-2004
Professor of International Law, Constitutional Law and European Law at the University of Zurich, 2004-2011
Board Member of the International Law Commission, Swiss Section, 2008-2011
Member of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC), 2008-2011
Visiting Scholar at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Oslo, Norway, 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 October 2011.

Born on 21 June 1950 in Lyon, France
Law degree at the University of Paris II, graduate of the Institute of Judicial Studies, 1973
Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature in Bordeaux, 1975
Deputy Secretary General to the first President of the Paris Appeal Court, 1979
Vice-President of the Senlis Regional Court, 1982
Secretary General to the President of the Paris Regional Court, 1984
Secretary General to the First President of the Paris Appeal Court, 1985
Secretary General to the First President of the Court of Cassation, 1988
Vice-President of the Paris Regional Court, 1990
Head of the Department of European and International Affairs in the Ministry of Justice, 1991-1994
Judge at the Paris Appeal Court, 1994
Associate professor at the University of Paris X-Nanterre in European Community Law, 1994
Judge at the Court of First Instance of the European Communities in Luxembourg, 1995
Section President at the Paris Appeal Court, commercial section, 2001
Vice-President of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) at the Council of Europe, 2002-2006
Judge at the Court of Cassation, 2005-2011
Visiting Scholar at the Law School of the University of Columbia in New-York, 2011
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 November 2011.

Born on 19 November 1950 in Stockholm
Law and Economics degrees, University of Lund, 1973
Law clerk at the District Court of Härnösand and the County Administrative Court
and the Authority of the Region of Västernorrland, 1973-1976
Associate judge and judge at the Administrative Court of Appeal of Gothenburg, 1976-1978
Deputy Secretary to the Governmental Commission against Unnecessary Bureaucracy, Ministry of Local Government, 1978-79 and to the Governmental Committee on Administrative Law, Ministry of Justice 1979-1981
Legal Administrator in the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights 1981-1991
Head of Section, Personnel Division, Directorate of Administration, Council of Europe 1991-1993
Head of Division and then Deputy to the Secretary of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1993-1997
Deputy Secretary to the European Commission of Human Rights, November 1997-1998
Section Registrar of the new European Court of Human Rights, 1998-2002
Deputy Registrar of the Court, 2002-2005
Registrar of the Court since 7 November 2005.

Born in 1950 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Previously Registrar of the First and Fourth Sections of the Court.
Author of various articles in the field of public law and human rights and co-author (with Professors Harris and Warbrick ) of the Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, Butterworths,1995 (currently under revision).
Educated in Queens University, Belfast, (LLB), the Harvard Law School (LLM) and the International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg (Diploma in the international and comparative law of human rights).
Barrister-at-Law and former Lecturer in Public Law, Faculty of Law, Queens University.
Deputy Registrar of the Court since 13 February 2006