Born on 15 November 1963 in Luxembourg

• Law studies, specialised in International Public Law and European
• Law, Leiden Law School, Leiden University, the Netherlands, 1981-1986
• Diplôme d’Études Approfondies (DEA), in International Public Law, University of Paris II, Panthéon-Assas, France, 1987
• Attorney at law, Representative of Dutch and international companies before national courts in Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Brussels (1987-1992); Legal adviser for French and Dutch companies, Moscow office, Russian Federation (1993-1995)
• Director IRIS-Russia Commercial Law Project in Moscow, Centre for Institutional Reform and the informal Sector, University of Maryland, United States of America, adviser of the Presidential Committee responsible for drafting Russia’s new civil code, 1995-1996
• Researcher in Russian law at the T.M.C Asser Institute, Centre for International and European Law, 1996-1997
• EU Law specialist at the European Law Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1997-2005 Assistant Professor in Russian law, Institute for Eastern European Law and Russian Studies, Leiden University (1999-2000); Legal counsel in a World Bank/EU project ‘Corporate Governance in Armenia’ (2000)
• Attorney at law, specialised in European Union law, 2000-2001
• Agent representing the Netherlands at the Court of Justice of the European Union, 2001-2013
• Deputy Head of the European Law Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005-2007
• Head of the European Law Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2007-2013
• Substitute Judge, Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal, the Netherlands, 2009-2026
• Guest lecturer European Law, Leiden Law School, since 2012
• President of the Dutch Association for European Law (NVER), 2013-2022
• State councillor, member of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division, Council of State of the Netherlands, 2013-2026
• Chair of the European Union Law Committee of the Council of State, 2022-2026
• President of the International Federation of European Law, 2018-2021
• National contact person (NCP) of the Courts and Tribunals Network of the European Asylum Agency of the European Union, 2024–2026
• Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 27 April 2026.