Born on 22 February 1971 in Shkodër, Albania
Law degree, Faculty of Law at the University of Tirana, 1989-1993
Law studies, Faculty of Law at the University of Trento, Italy, 1992-1993
Legal practice in Tirana, 1994-1998 and 1999-2006
Lecturer in Law (Public International Law, European Human Rights Law and European Union Law) at the University of Tirana, 1995-2007 and at the Albanian School of Magistrates, 1997-2007
LL.M in European Law Studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, 1996-1997
Office of the OSCE Legal Counsellor in Albania, 1998-1999
Founder and Executive Director of the European Centre in Tirana, 1999-2006
Advisor ad personam to the President of the Republic, to the President of the Parliament and to Ministers of Justice and of European Affairs, 2000-2007
Chairman of the National Broadcasting Authority, 2006-2007
Member of the Venice Commission, 2006-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born 10 September 1946 in Girona
Law degree, Madrid, 1978
Secretary General of the Municipality of Andorra la Vella, 1970-80
Lawyer practising in Andorra, 1980
Secretary General of the Andorra Bar Association, 1984-92
President of the Bar Association, 1993-95
Professor at the Faculty of Law of the Spanish National Open University, 1985-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights, 1996-1998
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section from 1 February 2008 to 3 November 2011
Vice-President of the Court since 4 November 2011.

Born on 20 January 1956, Azerbaijan
Law studies, Yerevan State University, 1972-79
Advocate, Member of the Bar, 1979-85
Judge of the Supreme Court, 1985-96
Judge of the Constitutional Court, 1996-2003
Member of the State Commission on Judicial Reform, 1997-99
Member of the Commission on Constitutional Amendments, 1998-2001
President of the Association of Judges, 1998-2003
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 April 2003.

Born on 21 March 1956 in Vienna
Doctor in law (1981) and Doctor in business administration (1985)
Member of the Bar; 1987
Private legal practice in Vienna since 1988
Member of the expert committee on labour law of the Vienna Chamber of Attorneys and of various international lawyers’ associations
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2001.

Born on 9 September 1956, Azerbaïjan
Law studies at the State University of Baku, 1973-78
Post-graduate course, State University of Moscow, 1978-83
Judge and Vice-President of the Supreme Court of Azerbaijan, 1990-1992
President of the Supreme Court, Azerbaijan, 1993-1998
Doctor of Law, 2001
President of the Constitutional Court, Azerbaijan, 1998-2003
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 April 2003.

Born on 29 June 1954 in Wilrijk, Belgium
Degree in Law, University of Antwerp and Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 1971-1976
Master of Laws, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States, 1977-1978
Doctor in Law, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 1987
Member of the Brussels bar, 1976-1984 and 1987-1994
Auditor at the Council of State, 1984-1987
Judge (1994-2005), chamber president (2005-2012), Council of State
Assistant, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 1976-1986
Professor of human rights (since 1986), of civil procedure (1986-1995), of administrative procedure (1995-1997), of constitutional law (1997-2008), University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
Member of the Human Rights Advisory Panel (United Nations, Kosovo), 2007-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since
13 September 2012.

Born on 23 May 1967 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Law Degree, Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo, 1987-1993
Trainee, European Commission of Human Rights, 1998
Legal expert, Office of the Ombudsperson for Human Rights, 1996-2000
Bar Exam, 2001
Registrar, Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2001-2007
Master Degree in European Studies, Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies in European Studies, University of Bologna and University of Sarajevo, 2003-2005
Judge (2007-2012), Vice-President (2008-2012), Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Member of Association of Judges of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Lecturer, Centres for Education of Judges and Prosecutors of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska
Member of the Board, Center for human Rights, University of Sarajevo
Ad hoc Judge, European Court of Human Rights, 2010-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 3 December 2012.

Born on 29 September 1951 in Sofia, Bulgaria
Master in Law, Faculty of Law of the University of Sofia, 1970-1975
Lawyer, member of the Sofia Bar Association, 1980
Founder, Board Member and Project Coordinator, Bulgarian Lawyers for Human Rights, since 1993
Teacher, researcher in the domain of legal protection of human rights, since 1993
Judicial Officer and Regional Coordinator, UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Judicial System Assessment Programme, 1999-2000
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 May 2008.

Born on 16 September 1945 in Larnaca, Cyprus
Law studies in London, 1965-1968
Barrister-at-Law, member of Lincoln’s Inn of London, 1968
Advocate before Courts in Cyprus, 1973-1978
Member of a Ministry of Justice Committee, 1976-1980
Senior District Judge, 1988-1989
President District Court, 1989-1995
Judge of the Supreme Court of Cyprus, 1995-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 30 June 1952 in Prague, Czech Republic
Law degree, Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague, 1976
Junior lawyer, 1976-1980
Juris Doctor (JUDr.), Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague, 1978
Member of the Czech Bar, 1980
Advocate partner in a law firm, 1980-2012
Lecturer in constitutional and civil law at the Academy of Performing Arts, Prague, 1995-1997
Member of the Control Council of the Czech Bar Association, 2002-2005
President of the Private Law Section of the Czech Bar Association, 2002-2009
Member of the Consultative Advisory Body of the President of the Czech Republic for the areas of law and legislation, 2003-2012
Member of the Board of Directors of the Czech Bar Association, 2005-2012
Arbitrator at the Arbitration Court attached to the Economic Chamber of the Czech Republic and Agricultural Chamber of the Czech Republic, 2007-2012
Member of the Multi-jurisdictional Law Firms Committee of the Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE), 2007-2012
President of the Study and Legislative Collegium of the Czech Bar Association, 2009-2012
Vice-President of the Czech Bar Association, 2009-2012
Member of the Human Rights Committee of the CCBE, 2009-2012
Member of the Legislative Council of the Government of the Czech Republic, 2011-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2012.

Born on 20 May 1944 in Copenhagen
Master of laws (juridisk embedseksamen) University of Aarhus, 1969
Assistant Professor of public law at the University of Aarhus, 1969-70 and of constitutional law at the University of Copenhagen, 1970-74
Legal Adviser, Ministry of Justice, 1970-78
Head of Department at the Parliamentary Ombudsman’s Office, 1978-82
Judge of the Court of Appeal of Western Denmark, 1982-92
President of the Court of Appeal of Western Denmark, 1992-94
Justice of the Supreme Court of Denmark, since 1994
Representative of Denmark in the Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Development of Human Rights, 1983-92, and Chairman 1991-92
Member of the European Commission of Human Rights 1995-99
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section from 1 April 2006 to 31 January 2011.

Born on 25 July 1974 in Tartu, Estonia
Studies in law, University of Hamburg, Germany, 1994-1995
EU law expert, Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 1996-1999
Traineeship at the European Commission’s Legal Service, 1997
B.A. in law, University of Tartu, 1997
LL.M. in law, University of Münster, Germany, 1998
Lecturer in European law, Law Institute of Tallinn, later University of Tartu 1999-2006
Head of EU law Division, then EU Law and Foreign Relations Division, Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 1999-2002
Member of the board of the Centre for Policy Studies (PRAXIS), 2000-2004
Deputy Secretary General on Legislative Drafting, Ministry of Justice of Estonia, 2002-2004
Studies in law, European University Institute of Florence, Italy, 2002
Doctor iuris of law, University of Tartu, 2003
Justice at the Supreme Court of Estonia (member of administrative law and constitutional law chambers), 2004-2010
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) of the Council of Europe, since 2004, Vice-President then President, 2006-2010
Traineeship at Federal Administrative Court of Germany, 2005
Judge ad hoc at the European Court of Human Rights, 2006
Associated professor and consequently Professor of European law, University of Tartu, 2006-2011
Traineeship at the Council of State, France, 2007
Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, since 2010
President of Estonian Association for European Law since 2004, President of International Federation for European Law (FIDE), 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 January 2011.

Born on 10 December 1954 in Rovaniemi, Finland
Master of Laws, University of Helsinki, 1980
Licentiate of Laws, University of Helsinki, 1997
Doctor of Law, University of Helsinki, 2007
Court training, District Court of Lapland, 1980-1981
Career as Referendary, Judge and Prosecutor in the Finnish judicial system, 1982-2006
Legal Aid Counsel, 1981-1982
Researcher, University of Helsinki, 1996-1997
Lawyer, Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 2001
Member of several working groups set up by various Ministries and other State services, 1999-2006
Lecturer in the field of criminal procedure
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2007.

Born on 21 June 1950 in Lyon, France
Law degree at the University of Paris II, graduate of the Institute of Judicial Studies, 1973
Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature in Bordeaux, 1975
Deputy Secretary General to the first President of the Paris Appeal Court, 1979
Vice-President of the Senlis Regional Court, 1982
Secretary General to the President of the Paris Regional Court, 1984
Secretary General to the First President of the Paris Appeal Court, 1985
Secretary General to the First President of the Court of Cassation, 1988
Vice-President of the Paris Regional Court, 1990
Head of the Department of European and International Affairs in the Ministry of Justice, 1991-1994
Judge at the Paris Appeal Court, 1994
Associate professor at the University of Paris X-Nanterre in European Community Law, 1994
Judge at the Court of First Instance of the European Communities in Luxembourg, 1995
Section President at the Paris Appeal Court, commercial section, 2001
Vice-President of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) at the Council of Europe, 2002-2006
Judge at the Court of Cassation, 2005-2011
Visiting Scholar at the Law School of the University of Columbia in New-York, 2011
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 November 2011.

Born on 13 April 1973 in Batumi, Georgia
MA in Law, Faculty of Law at the Tbilisi State University, 1990-1996
Assistant to Judge at the Constitutional Court, 1996-1999
Attorney, Tbilisi, 1999-2000
Teacher of Law, Tbilisi State University, 1999-2004
Legal Advisor, then Head of the Rule of Law Project, 2000-2004
Deputy Prosecutor General at the Prosecutor’s Office, 2004-2007
MA in Public Administration, University of Pennsylvania, USA, 2006-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 1 June 1963 in Munich, Germany
Studies in Slavic languages and literature, 1982-1987; studies in law, University of Munich, 1984-1989
Magister Artium in Slavic languages and literature, University of Munich, 1987
Diploma in comparative law, University of Strasbourg, 1988
First and Second State exam in law, Universities of Munich and Heidelberg, 1989 and 1993
Doctor of Law, University of Würzburg, 1993
Research fellow at the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Social Law, Munich, 1993-2001
Visiting researcher Harvard University, 1994-1995
Legal advisor of the General Directorate Social Cohesion of the Council of Europe, 2001-2002
Full professor of law and Director of the Institute for Eastern European Law, University of Cologne, 2002-2010
Member of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labour Organisation, 2004-2010
Substitute Member of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, 2006-2010
Vice-President of the University of Cologne, 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 January 2011.

Born on 9 May 1960 in Athens, Greece
Law degree, University of Athens, 1983
Masters degree in International Law, University Robert Schuman of Strasbourg, 1984
Doctor of Law, University Robert Schuman of Strasbourg, 1990
Lawyer before the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court and the Supreme Administrative Court (on leave)
Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Athens
Member (1997-2009) and Chairman (2003-2004) of the Committee of experts of the Council of Europe for the Improvement of Procedures for the Protection of Human Rights (DH-PR)
Member (2002-2009), Vice-Chairman (2004-2005) and Rapporteur (2008-2009) of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
Member since 2000, then Vice-Chairman of the Greek National Commission for Human Rights, 2006-2011
Member of the European Union Network of independent experts in the field of fundamental rights, 2002-2006
Member of the Management Board since 2007 and member of the Executive Board of the Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union, 2009-2011
Member of the Curatorium of the Hague Academy of International Law, since 2010
Member of the Scientific Board of the Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme and of the European Journal of International Law
Member of the Administrative Board of the European Society of International Law
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 18 May 2011.

Born on 25 March 1949 in Budapest, Hungary
Law degree at the ELTE Law School of Budapest, 1972
Various research fellow positions at the Institute for State and Law, Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1972
PhD and Habilitation at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1977 and 1982
Founder and spokesperson of the Hungarian League for the Abolition of the Death Penalty, Budapest, 1988-1994
Legal Counsellor to the President of Hungary, 1991-1992
Chair of Comparative Constitutional Law, University Professor, Central European University (Budapest), 1993-2007
Member, American Law Institute, 1996
Member, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1997
Recurrent Visiting Professor, Cardozo School of Law, New York, since 1990; Global Faculty, New York University Law School, since 1996
Board of Directors of the Open Society Justice Initiative of New York, 2001-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 9 April 1956 in Reykjavik
Law studies at the University of Iceland and Duke University, North Carolina, United States
Assistant Judge at the Civil Court of Reykjavik, 1987-88
Associate Professor of Law, University of Iceland, 1989-93
Référendaire at the EFTA Court, Geneva and Luxembourg, 1993-96 and 1999-2003
Professor of Law, University of Iceland 1996-2003
Professor of Constitutional Law and International Public Law, University of Reykjavik, 2003-04
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 23 November 1962 in Dublin, Ireland
Master of Education (Philosophy), University of Dublin, Trinity College, 1984-1987
Teacher of English, 1986-1993
Lecturer in Philosophy, 1987-2003
Honorable Society of King’s Inns, 1989-1993
John Brooke Scholar, 1993
Barrister-at-Law, Legal Advocate before Superior Courts, practising in Constitutional, Medical and Public Law, 1993-2006
Lecturer in Jurisprudence at King’s Inns, 1998-2003
Senior Counsel, 2006-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 22 January 2008.

Born on 22 October 1953 in Naples, Italy
Master’s degree in law, University of Naples, 1975
Assistant lecturer to the first chair of International Law in the Law Faculty of Naples, 1976-1977
Judge, 1977-1986
Seconded to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Legal Service, 1986-1989
Co-Agent for the Italian Government before the European Court and Commission of Human Rights, 1989-1997
Member of the Appeals Board of the Western European Union in London, 1991-1992
Member of various Council of Europe Steering Committees and Committees of Experts, in particular the Bureau of the Steering Committee for Human Rights, chaired 1999-2000
Advocate General at the Court of Cassation, 1997-2002
Member of the Italian Inter-ministerial Committee for Human Rights (1998-2003)
Full member of the Appeals Board of the Western European Union in Brussels, 1998-2000
Ad hoc judge of the European Court of Human Rights, 2001-2003
Judge of the Court of Cassation, 2002-2003
Deputy Legal Adviser to the International Labour Office (ILO) in Geneva, 2003-2007
Legal Adviser and Director of the Office of Legal Services of the ILO, 2008-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 5 May 2010
Vice-President of the Court and President of Section since 1 November 2012.

Born on 12 February 1970 in Latvia
Law studies, Faculty of Law, University of Latvia, 1988-1993
Master of International Law, Raoul Wallenberg Institute and University of Lund, Sweden 1993-1994
Doctor of Law, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995-1999
Adviser to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Parliament of Latvia, 1992-1995
Adviser to the Prime Minister of Latvia, 1995
Founding Director of the Institute on Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Latvia, 1995-1999
Lecturer in International and European Law, University of Latvia, 1995-1999
Programme Adviser, Directorate General of Human Rights, Council of Europe, 1999-2001
Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Baltic Yearbook of International Law, 2001-2005
Member of the European Union Network of Independent Experts in Fundamental Rights, 2002-2005
Söderberg Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Riga Graduate School of Law, Latvia
and visiting Professor at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Faculty of Law, Lund University, Sweden, 2001-2005
Professor (on leave) of International Law and Human Rights at the Riga Graduate School of Law since 2009
Expert of the Council of Science and the Constitutional Law Commission of Latvia
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 27 April 2005
President of Section since 13 September 2012.

Born on 17 May 1950 in Louis Trichardt, South Africa
Law degree, University of Zurich, 1976
Doctor of Law, University of Zurich, 1978
Assistant at the University of Zurich, 1978-1981
Bye-Fellow, Robinson College/University of Cambridge, 1981-1983
Assistant Professor (Privatdozent), 1985 and Professor of Law, 1992 at the University of Zurich
Legal Administrator in the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1983-1991
Head of Division in the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1991-1998
Head of Division in the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 1998-2002
Deputy Registrar of the 3rd Section of the European Court of Human Rights, 2002-2006
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 September 2006
President of Section since 1 November 2012.

Born on 10 November 1970 at Akmene
Law studies at the University of Vilnius, 1989-94
Doctor of Law, University of Vilnius, 1999
Lecturer and associate Professor, Vilnius, 1994-2004
Expert at the European Law Department, 1997-2002
Vice-Dean of the Law Faculty of Vilnius University, 2003
Agent of the Government before the European Court of Human Rights, 2003-2004
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 26 October 1962 in Luxembourg
Bachelor’s law degree, Catholic University of Louvain, 1988
Master of Laws, Cambridge University, 1990
Member of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge since 1989
Barrister, member of the Luxembourg Bar, 1989-2004
Senior Barrister, 1992-2004
Partner in a law firm in Luxembourg, 2001-2004
Assistant lecturer in criminal law at Louvain University, 1991-1997
Lecturer and holder of various courses at the Universities of Luxembourg, 1996-2004 and Nancy, 1997-2008
Member of the Advisory Human Rights Commission, Luxembourg, 2000-2004
Member of the European Union Network of Independent Experts in Fundamental Rights, 2002-2004
Member of the Institut Grand-Ducal, associate 2002-2005, full member since 2005
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 24 June 2004
President of Section from 1 February 2011 to 31 October 2012
Vice-President of the Court from 13 September 2012 to 31 October 2012
President of the Court since 1 November 2012.

Born on 17 August 1952 in Sliema, Malta
Diploma of Notary Public, Royal University of Malta, 1974
Doctor of Laws, Royal University of Malta, 1975
Member of the Malta Bar, 1976
Diploma in Criminology, University of Cambridge, 1977
Senior Counsel for the Republic in the Attorney-General’s Office, Malta, 1979
Member of the ad hoc Committee of Experts on the Legal Aspects of Territorial Asylum, Refugees and Stateless Persons of the Council of Europe, 1988-1994
Malta’s representative on the Steering Committee on Legal Co-operation of the Council of Europe as from 1988, Vice-Chairman then Chairman, 1988-2000
Assistant Attorney-General, 1988 then Deputy Attorney-General, 1989-1994
Senior Lecturer in Criminal Law and Law of Criminal Procedure, University of Malta, 1994
Judge of the Superior Courts of Malta, 1994
Chairman of the Multidisciplinary Group on Corruption of the Council of Europe, 1995-1997
Chief Justice and President of the Constitutional Court, of the Court of Appeal and of the Court of Criminal Appeal of Malta, 2002-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 20 September 2010.

Born on 22 February 1959 in Mîndîc, Donduseni district, Republic of Moldova
Law Degree, Faculty of Law, State University, 1975-1980
Lecturer in Civil and Civil Procedure Law, State University, 1980-1983 and 1986-1987
Doctorate in Law and post-graduate studies, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Soviet Legislation of the USSR Ministry of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation, 1983-1986
District Judge, Chisinau, 1987-1991
Lawyer, member of the Bar Association of the Republic of Moldova (since 1991), member of the Board of the Bar Association (since 2003)
Legal advisor of many national and foreign banks and companies (1995-2011)
Chairman of the Qualification Commission (1999-2003), Vice-President of the Bar Association (2003-2007)
Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic of Moldova, since 2005
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 3 December 2012.

Born on 24 October 1965 in Monaco
Law Studies at the University of Nice, 1984-1987
Justice Auditor in the Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature, Paris, 1987-1989
Judge at the Court of First Instance of the Principality of Monaco, 1990
First Judge at the Court of First Instance of the Principality of Monaco, 2000
Promoted to the highest judicial grade, 1 October 2010
Member of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE)
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 27 June 2006
President of Section since 1 November 2012.

Born on 17 October 1953 in Banski stanovi, Cetinje, Montenegro
Bachelor of Arts, Faculty of Law of Titograd (recently Podgorica), 1976
Reseach assistant, Assistant professor, Full time professor, Podgorica Law Faculty, 1976-2008
PhD in International Public Law and International Relations, Belgrade Law Faculty, Belgrade University, 1986
Member of various Expert Groups for International Legal and Political Issues, 1993-2008
Director of the University of Montenegro, Law Faculty Human Rights Center, 2000-2008
Serbia and Montenegro representative in Steering Committee for Human Rights, Council of Europe, 2004-2006
Member of Judicial Council of Montenegro, 2003-2007
Head of Department in International law and International Relations, University of Montenegro, 1994-2008
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 15 April 2008.

Born on 14 November 1953 in Winschoten, the Netherlands
Bachelor-degree in Law studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, 1977
Doctoral/master degree in Law, specialisations in Penal Law and Constitutional Law, 1979
Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Utrecht, 1980-1993
Member of the Law Faculty Council, University of Utrecht, 1984-1988
Member of the University Council and member of the Presidium in the University of Utrecht, 1989-1991
Member of the Advisory Board of the Journal of Law and Society, 1991-1993
Honorary Judge in the District Court of Utrecht, 1991-1994
Judge (1994-1998), Investigating judge (1997), Vice-President (1998-2001) of the District Court of Rotterdam
Lecturer for Lawyers and other Higher Legal professionals, 1998-2004
Lecturer at the School for Magistrates, 2001-2005
Judge (2001-2003, 2005), Vice-President (2005-2010) of the High Court of Appeal (Gerechtshof) of The Hague; Chairman of the Penal Section and Member of the Board of Directors of this Court, 2006-2010
Counsellor and Chairman of the Committee on Criminal Procedure and Legislation in the Ministry of Justice, Directorate Legislation, 2003-2005
Chairman of the European Union Council Working Group on Penal Cooperation in the European Union during the Dutch Presidency, 2004
Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Dutch Union of Magistrates, 2011-2012
Advocate-General at the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 2010-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2012.

Born on 9 October 1950 in Oslo, Norway
Law degree, University of Oslo, 1976
Counsellor since 1977, then Head of Division, Ministry of Justice, 1981-1986
Participated in the drafting process of Protocols No. 6 to No. 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1977-1994
Part-time lecturer in human rights, University of Oslo, 1981-2003
Chairman, Committee of Experts for the drafting of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984-1985
Deputy Judge, Eiker, Modum and Sigdal, 1985-1986
Agent of the Government before the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights, until 1993
Advocate, Attorney General’s Office (Civil Affairs) since 1986, Supreme Court Barrister, 1989-1993
Chairman, Steering Committee for Human Rights, Council of Europe, 1993-1994
Judge, Borgarting Court of Appeals, Oslo, 1993-1999
Fellow at the Human Rights Institute, University of Essex (UK), since 1995; honorary doctor, 2007
Member of the Board of the Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, 1995-1999
Judge (1999-2009), Vice-President (1999-2003), President (2003-2007), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Member of the UN Secretary-General’s Selection Panel for the appointment of judges of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, since 2007
Justice, Supreme Court of Norway, 2009-2011
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 September 2011.

Born on 19 February 1968 in Kraków, Poland
Master in Law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1991
Junior lecturer, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1991-1999
Doctorate in law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1998
Legal advisor (1998-2009), Senior legal advisor (2009-2012) of the Constitutional Court
Lecturer, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 1999-2010
Director of the School of French law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 2000-2012
Member of the European Scientific Council (European Group of Public Law), since 2006
Habilitation in law, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 2009
Member of a Committee of experts appointed by the President of the first house of the Parliament (Sejm) for the preparation of a draft of a new chapter of the Polish Constitution on the European Union membership, 2009-2010
Professor at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, since 2010
Director of the Coordination Centre for Foreign Law Schools, 2010-2012
Associate member of the International Academy of Comparative Law, since 2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2012.

Born on 5 October 1966 in Beira, Mozambique
Law Degree, Faculty of Law, State University of Lisbon, 1989
Member of the Portuguese Bar
Judge in the Criminal Court and the Correctional Court of Lisbon and President of the Courts of Nelas, Lagos and the Criminal Instruction Court of Lisbon, 1992-2004
Master of Law, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 1994
Doctorate of Law, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 2003
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 2004-2008
Member of the Ministry of Justice Taskforce for Penal Reform of the Portugal, 2005-2007
Invited Professor on criminal law and procedure at the High Military Studies Institute of the Ministry of Defence of Portugal, since 2007
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, 2008-2010
Associate Professor with tenure, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Lisbon, since 2011
Visiting Professor, Illinois College of Law, United States of America, 2006-2007
Visiting Professor, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, 2006
Adjunct Professor, Illinois College of Law, United States of America, since 2009
Expert of the GRECO appointed by the Council of Europe, 2009-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 April 2011.

Born on 16 December 1943 in Munteni di Jos, Vaslui
First Degree in Law, University of Bucharest, 1966
Professor at the Faculty of Law, Bucharest, 1967
Diploma of Advanced Studies in Comparative Law, International Faculty for Comarative
Law Studies, Strasbourg, 1974
Doctorate of Law, University of Bucarest, 1977
Lawyer at the Bucharest Bar since 1990-98
Dean of the Faculty of Law of Bucharest University, 1990-98
Member of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1995-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998.

Born on 22 February 1967, in the city of Novograd-Volynskiy, Zhitomir oblast, USSR
Studies in law, Moscow State University, Law school, 1984-1991
PhD, Moscow State University, Law school, 1994
Expert at the Russian Constitutional Court and the Russian Government, 2000-2005
Docent and Professor, Moscow State University, 2004-2010
Head of the Legislation department, Russian Supreme Commercial Court, 2005-2008
Doctor of law, 2006
Judge, Russian Supreme Commercial Court, 2008-2012
Professor, Center for Transnational Legal Studies, London, 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 2 January 2013.

Born on 14 October 1973 in New-York, United States of America
Law Degree, University of Bologna, 1999
Training in law firm, 1999-2002
Member of the San Marino Bar, 2002
Member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, 2004-2009
Member of the Parliamentary Equal Opportunities Commission, 2009
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 23 June 2009.

Born on 25 July 1951 in Belgrade
Law Studies at the University of Belgrade, 1970-74
Master of Laws at the University of Belgrade, 1974-76
Lawyer in two commercial enterprises, 1976-80
Doctor of Law, University of Belgrade, 1984
Third cycle degree in Comparative Law at the International Faculty of Comparative Law, Brussels, 1985
Lecturer (Professor, 1995) of Legal and Constitutional History and Comparative Law, Belgrade University, 1980-98
Attorney at Law in a legal office, Belgrade, 1998-2000
Visiting Professor at the Institute of Federalism of the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 2001
Ambassador of Serbia and Montenegro to Switzerland, 2001-04
Professor of Constitutional Law and Comparative Law at the Business Law School of Belgrade 2004-05
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 26 January 2005.

Born on 25 October 1960 in Bratislava
Law Studies at the University of Comenius, 1979-84
Elected Judge by the Slovakian Parliament, 1985
Judge of the First Instance Court, 1986-89
Judge of the Appeal Court of Bratislava, 1990-94
Legal Officer in the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1994-2004
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2004.

Born on 13 May 1947 in Ljubljana
Dipl. Jur. Degree, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, 1970
University of Montreal, School of Criminology, 1971-72
Master of Law (LL.M.), Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974
Scientiae Juris Doctor (S.J.D.), Harvard Law School, 1981
Assistant Professor of Law, University of Ljubljana (1970-76) and New York Law School (1977-79)
Associate Professor, University of Iowa, Law School, 1980 and Fordham University, Law School, 1981
Distinguished Visiting Professor, 1981 and full Professor of Law, Seton Hall University, Law School, 1986
Full Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, since 1988
First Vice-President (for academic affairs), University of Ljubljana, 1989-92
Judge at the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, 1993-98
Member and Vice-Chair of the United Nations Committee against Torture (Geneva), 1995-98
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 1998
President of Section from 1 November 2004 to 31 January 2008.

Born on 15 November 1947 in Leon, Spain
B.A. in Law, University of Madrid, 1969
Master in Political Science, Michigan State University, 1975
Doctor of Law, University of Madrid, 1975
Assistant Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Madrid, 1975-1978
Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Extremadura (Cáceres), 1978-1995
Clerk at the Constitutional Court of Spain, 1982-1986
Judge of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 1986-1995
Alternative Representative and Legal Expert for the Venice Commission, 1995-2003
Professor of Constitutional Law, Universidad Carlos III (Madrid), 1995-2008
Vice-President of the General Council of the Judiciary, 1996-2001
Director of the Institute of Comparative Public Law, Universidad Carlos III, 2001-2003
Secretary of State for Justice, Ministry of Justice of Spain, 2004-2007
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 16 October 1958 in Gothenburg, Sweden
Master of Law, University of Uppsala, 1983
Maritime law course, University of Oslo, Norway, 1983
Assistant Judge and Associate Judge at the Administrative Court of Appeal and its courts of first instance, Stockholm, 1987-2003
Lecturer in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Faculty of Law, University of Stockholm, 1993-1994
Legal Adviser and Deputy Director in the Division of Constitutional Law of the Swedish Ministry of Justice, 1994-2003
Member and Chairperson of the Council of Europe Group of Specialists on Access to Official Information under the Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH), 1998-2000, 2004-2008
Assignments from the Council of Europe as expert as regards legislative projects in various Member States in Central and Eastern Europe and missions as part of the Council of Europe’s activities for development and consolidation of democratic stability in Member States, 1998-2005
Director and Head of the Pardons Division of the Swedish Ministry of Justice, 2002-2005
Sweden’s representative in the Council of Europe’s Steering Committee for Legal Cooperation (CDCJ), 2002-2005
Senior Judge and Head of Division at the County Administrative Court, Stockholm, 2005-2007
Chief Judge and Head of Division at the Administrative Court of Appeal, Stockholm, 2007-2011
Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court, 2011-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 26 September 2012.

Born on 1 June 1964 in Zurich, Switzerland
Doctorate in environmental law, University of Zurich, 1993
Master of European Law (LL.M.), College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, 1994
Research Fellow at Harvard University Law School, United States of America, 1995
Research Fellow at the European University Institute of Florence, Italy, 1996
Member of the American Society of International Law since 1996
Legal Counsel in a law firm in Switzerland, 1996-2011
Visiting researcher at the Max-Planck Institute for International Law of Heidelberg, Germany, 2000
Professor of International Law, Constitutional Law and European Law at the University of Lucerne, 2001-2004
Professor of International Law, Constitutional Law and European Law at the University of Zurich, 2004-2011
Board Member of the International Law Commission, Swiss Section, 2008-2011
Member of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC), 2008-2011
Visiting Scholar at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Oslo, Norway, 2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 4 October 2011.

Born on 5 November 1963 in Strumica
Law studies, Faculty of Law, University of Skopje, 1982-1986
Bar exam, Ministry of Justice, Skopje, 1992
Master of law (LL.M.), Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2007
Doctor of law, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, 2012
Legal Representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Court proceedings, 1988
Member of working groups and Commissions set up by various Ministries and other State services, 1991-2003
Assistant Minister heading the Department for administrative procedures, 1995-2001
Member of the Committee of experts on nationality at the Council of Europe, 1995-2004
Head of Department for Human Rights at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2001-2003
Member of the Steering Committee for Human Rights at the Council of Europe (CDDH), 2001-2003
President of State Election Commission, 2002-2003
Judge of the Constitutional Court, 2003-2008
Member of the Venice Commission, 2004-2008
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 February 2008.

Born on 8 December 1958 in Istanbul, Turkey
B.A. in Political Science, Istanbul University, 1983
B.A. in Law, Marmara University, 1990
Assistant in Public International Law, Faculty of Political Sciences, Istanbul University, 1984-1993
M.A. in Public Law, Istanbul University, 1986
M.A. in European Law, “Centre européen universitaire”, Nancy II University, 1988
European University Institute, Florence, 1990
Member of the Istanbul Bar Association, 1991-
PhD in Public Law, Istanbul University, 1992
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Political Sciences, Istanbul University, 1993-1999
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Galatasaray University, 1999-2003
Director of the Research and Documentation Centre on Europe, Galatasaray University, 2002-2008
Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, Galatasaray University, 2003-2008
Head of Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Galatasaray University, 2003-2008
Visiting Professor, Universities of Aix-Marseille III, of Reims, of Montpellier II, of Strasbourg Robert Schuman
Vice-Dean, Faculty of Law, Galatasaray University, 2004-2008
Judge at the European Court of Human Rights since 1 May 2008.

Born on 5 July 1973 in Kyiv, Ukraine
Human Rights Expert in Kyiv, 1994-2005
Master’s degree in law, Faculty of Law of Kyiv National University, 2003
Member of the Ukrainian Bar, 2003
Legal adviser, lawyer in Kyiv, 2000-2005
Lawyer in the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, 2005-2009
Master 2 in Law and European Studies, specialised in human Rights in Europe, Faculty of Law of Strasbourg, 2007
Doctor of Philosophy in law, Academy of Advocacy of Ukraine, 2008
Lecturer in human rights law, Centre for International Protection, Strasbourg, 2008-2010
Adviser to the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, 2009-2010
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 15 June 2010.

Born on 6 September 1946 in London, United Kingdom
M.A. in jurisprudence, Merton College, Oxford University, 1964-1967
Lecturer in law, University College London, 1967-1973
LL.M., University College London, 1969
Barrister-at-law, London, 1972-1974
Lawyer and senior lawyer (1974-1990), Head of Division (1993-1995) of the European Court of Human Rights
Associate editor, Human Rights Law Journal, 1980-2012
Visiting professor of human rights, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, 1988
Head of Personnel in the Secretariat General of the Council of Europe, 1990-1993
Deputy Registrar of the European Court of Human Rights, 1995-2001
Member of the International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg, since 1996
Registrar of the European Court of Human Rights, 2001-2005
Judge and President of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal, Luxembourg, 2005-2011
Chairman of the Appeals Boards, European Space Agency, Paris, France, 2011-2012
Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since 1 November 2012.

Born on 19 November 1950 in Stockholm
Law and Economics degrees, University of Lund, 1973
Law clerk at the District Court of Härnösand and the County Administrative Court
and the Authority of the Region of Västernorrland, 1973-1976
Associate judge and judge at the Administrative Court of Appeal of Gothenburg, 1976-1978
Deputy Secretary to the Governmental Commission against Unnecessary Bureaucracy, Ministry of Local Government, 1978-79 and to the Governmental Committee on Administrative Law, Ministry of Justice 1979-1981
Legal Administrator in the Secretariat of the European Commission of Human Rights 1981-1991
Head of Section, Personnel Division, Directorate of Administration, Council of Europe 1991-1993
Head of Division and then Deputy to the Secretary of the European Commission of Human Rights, 1993-1997
Deputy Secretary to the European Commission of Human Rights, November 1997-1998
Section Registrar of the new European Court of Human Rights, 1998-2002
Deputy Registrar of the Court, 2002-2005
Registrar of the Court since 7 November 2005.

Born in 1950 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Previously Registrar of the First and Fourth Sections of the Court.
Author of various articles in the field of public law and human rights and co-author (with Professors Harris and Warbrick ) of the Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, Butterworths, 1995, the second edition of which was published by Oxford University Press in March 2009.
Educated in Queens University, Belfast, (LLB), the Harvard Law School (LLM) and the International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg (Diploma in the international and comparative law of human rights).
Barrister-at-Law and former Lecturer in Public Law, Faculty of Law, Queens University.
Deputy Registrar of the Court since 13 February 2006